The Anatomy of an Education Myth

The Ten Percent Solution: Anatomy of an Education Myth

I came across this article the other day and think that it is worth re-posting on this blog. It has numerous applications undermining some of the assumptions people hold in churches and schools.

FOR MANY YEARS, VERSIONS OF A CLAIM that students remember "10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of what they see, 50% of what they see and hear, and 90% of what they do" have been widely circulated among educators. The source of this claim, however, is unknown and its validity is questionable. It is an educational urban legend that suggests a willingness to accept assertions about instructional strategies without empirical support.

The Claim

In a popular book on children with ADHD, the author makes the following claim:

According to statistics, students retain:

10% of what they read;

26% of what they hear;

30% of what they see;

50% of what see and hear;

70% of what they say; and

90% of what they say and do." (1)

The claim is startling. Any instructional method that could deliver on a promise of 90% retention would revolutionize education. Moreover the claim is framed with impressive exactitude. The reader would like to know more but, alas, no source is given other than "statistics." The figures are passed along like memes. A book on accelerated learning, for example, claims:

It has been said that on average, we remember:

20% of what we read

30% of what we hear

40% of what we see

50% of what we say

60% of what we do

90% of what we see, hear, say, and do" (2)

But no source is acknowledged and no evidence is given. A slightly different version of the claim is presented in a recent issue of the Stanford Business Review: "Some research on learning indicates that we may retain only about 10% of what we read, maybe 20% of what we see and hear in a lecture, and perhaps 80% of what we experience
personally. Learning may increase even more to the extent that we take what we have experienced, put it into our own words, and then explain it to others." (3) But just what is this research and who conducted it? On this point the article is silent.

An Internet search reveals dozens of versions of this claim. While they are all essentially similar, they often differ in the specific percentages they assign to the various instructional modalities. For example "20% of what they read" is far more common than "26% of what they read." Some versions add the final claim that students retain "95% of what they teach to someone else." What is the origin of this claim and why have educators accepted it uncritically?

The Source

To date, all efforts to locate the source of this claim have failed because all trails have led to dead ends. For example, a 1988 paper by Felder and Silverman repeats the claim and cites a 1987 paper by Stice as their source. (4) The Stice paper in turn speaks of "some data from the old Socony-Vacuum Oil Company. (The source indicates the data are from the 1930s or 1940s, but I have no other information)." (5)

A 1997 paper by Lee and Bowers, however, sets out on an alternative trail. These authors indirectly cite White (sic) from a 1992 paper by Hapeshi and Jones. (6) The passage in Hapeshi and Jones actually reads:

Bayard-White (1990) quotes the British Audio Visual Society, which claimed that we remember about:

10% of what we read

20% of what we hear

30% of what we see

50% of what we see and hear

80% of what we say

90% The evidence of what we say and do at the same time

The evidence for these statements is not given ..." (7)

Thus Lee and Bowers cited Hapeshi and Jones, who in turn cited Bayard-White who, they acknowledge, had no evidence for the claim. An Internet search for the "British Audio Visual Society" yielded a total of 9 hits, all of them repeating the claim and citing this organization as its source. But no record of the existence of a British Audio Visual Society has been found. It appears that once a claim has been published subsequent authors do not bother much about the actual supporting evidence.

A third source frequently cited for the claim is Edgar Dale. In fact, many on-line versions label the claim "Dale's Cone of Experience," or "Dale's Cone of Learning." In his 1946 book, Audio Visual Methods in Teaching, Dale did present a concept called the "Cone of Experience." described as "merely a visual aid to explain the interrelationship of the various types of audio-visual materials, as well as their
individual positions in the learning process." (8) In the 1969 edition of Audio Visual Methods in Teaching Dale tells us:


In addition, we have suggested the narrowing
upward shape of the Cone does not
imply an increasing difficulty of learning.
Both verbal and visual symbols are used by
little children, Demonstrations may be complex
and quite involved--much more a)
than a map (a visual symbol) of Alaska.
The basis of the classification is not difficulty
but degree of abstraction--the amount of
immediate sensory participation that is
involved. Thus, a still photograph of a tree
is not more difficult to understand than the
dramatization of Hamlet. It is simply in itself
a less concrete teaching material than the
dramatization. (9)

Dale's Cone is really a classification of audiovisual material on a scale of abstractness and bears only slight resemblance to the claim. Indeed, it could be argued that Dale's Cone presents a much more complex model that is trivialized when associated with the claim. All citations of Dale as the source of the claim are simply mistaken.

The Truth

I was only able to locate one paper that explicitly tested the claim, the research by Lee and Bowers who found:


These results do not support White's(sic) percentages
for the contribution of the different components
of multimedia (as quoted in Hapeshi & Jones,
1992). For example, audio did not have a larger
impact on learning than text, nor did graphics and
animation alone have a larger impact than audio
(unless one is comparing "what we see" as text and
graphics together. Actually, audio had much less of
an impact and audio plus graphics and text plus
graphics had an equivalent impact. (10)

Nor does the claim agree with other empirical studies of the relative
effectiveness of various teaching techniques. (11)

The Meaning

In his investigation of the myth that people use only 10% of their brains, Barry Beyerstein noted a similarity to urban legends because "attempts to verify them invariably lead to an infinite regress." He also argued that there is a connection between numerology and the 10% brain myth: "I suspect that the lucky choice of the number 10 for the denominator in our fictitious fraction has served to enhance the
attractiveness of" the one-tenth myth. Among magical thinkers, numerology--the belief in the magical power of numbers--is rarely far from the surface, and 10 is a perennial favorite in this camp. Probably because nature equipped us with 10 fingers and 10 toes, our ancestors developed a primitive reverence for them." (12)

Beyerstein goes on to give examples of how arbitrary increments of 10 are often given special significance such as the Ten Commandments, the 10 best dressed list, and the characterization of historical periods in terms of decades. The educational claim investigated in this paper is typically flamed in increments of 10, and thus fits neatly into this pattern.

A recent paper by Simkin and Roychowdhury estimated that a large percentage of authors do not actually read the papers they cite. (13) As worrisome as their findings are, the multiple iterations of the claim reveal an even more distressing pattern. Not only do people often fail to read the research they cite, they sometimes fail to see if the research was ever actually conducted!

Above all this suggests a staggering lack of curiosity and a willingness to accept findings that agree with superficial preconceptions. Perhaps the real world effects of the claim examined here are relatively benign. After all, who would quarrel with the idea that instructors need to use a variety of teaching techniques? But the
larger implication is troubling. Instructional techniques affect real children, and education have a responsibility to ground their practice in actual research, not unsupportable cliches.

Author Note: The author wishes to thank Rob Waller of the Information Design Unit for his assistance.

References

(1.) Rief S. F. 1993. How to Reach and Teach AD /ADHD Children. West
Nyack, NY: The Center for Applied Research in Education, 53.

(2.) Rose, C. and M.J. Nicholl. 1997. Accelerated Learning for the
21st Century: The Six-step Plan to Unlock Your Master-Mind. New York:
Delacorte Press, 142.

(3.) Joss, R. 2003. "The Value of Learning by Doing" [Electronic
version]. Stanford Business Magazine. Retrieved June 28, 2003, from
http://www. gsb.stanford.edu/news/ bmag/sbsm0305 /deans.shml.

(4.) Felder, R. M. and L. K. Silverman. 1988. "Learning and Teaching
Styles in Engineering Education." Engineering Education, 78, 674-681.

(5.) Stice, J. E. 1987. "Using Kolb's Learning Cycle to Improve
Student Learning." Engineering Education, 77, 291-296, 293.

(6.) Lee, A. Y. and A. N. Bowers. 1997. "The Effect of Multimedia Components on Learning." Proceedings of the Human Facets and Ergonomic Society 41st Annual Meeting 340-344.

(7.) Hapeshi, K. and D. Jones. 1992. "Interactive Multimedia for
Instruction: A Cognitive Analysis of the Role of Audition and Vision."
International Journal of Computer--Human Interactions, 4, 79-99.

(8.) Dale, E. 1946. Audio Visual Methods in Teaching (1st ed.), New
Dryden Press, 37. The full text of Dale's Pyramid, from base to apex,
reads: "Direct Purposeful Experience, Contrived Experience, Dramatic
Participation. Demonstration, Field Trips, Exhibits, Motion Pictures,
Radio Recordings, Still Pictures, Visuals Symbols, Verbal Symbols" (p.
39).

(9.) Dale, E. 1969, Audio Visual Methods in Teaching (3rd ed).
Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 110.

(10.) Lee and Bowers, op cit. 343.

(11.) Bligh, D. A. 2000, What's the Use of Lectures? San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass Publishers.

(12.) Beyerstein, B. L. 1999 "Whence Comes the Myth that We Only Use
10% of our Brains?" In S. D. Sala (Ed.). Mind Myths: Exploring Popular
Assumptions About the Mind and Brain (3-24). Chichester. UK: John
Wiley and Sons Ltd, 23. 12.

(13.) Simkin M. V, and V. P. Roychowdhury. 2002. "Read before you
cite!" [Electronic version] Retrieved June 28, 2003, from
http://arxiv.org/ ffp/cond-mat/papers /0212/0212043.pdf.